Women suffer worst impacts of mining - cases from Indonesia

Oxfam Community Aid's report, Tunnel Vision: Women, Mining and Communities, is a compilation of papers presented at a forum convened in Melbourne in June last year to explore the impacts of mining on women in local communities. The contributors provide examples of mining activities in Indigenous Australia, India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea which have overlooked or disregarded women's rights, resulting in the further marginalisation and impoverishment of women. There were two contributions on Indonesia, and one on West Papua.

In her critique of Indonesian mining policy, Meentje Simatauw, programme co-ordinator with the Indonesian NGO Pikul, says the Indonesian government's policy has "boldly pawned the fate of generations to come, ensuring the destruction of the living environment, the suffering of traditional communities, a decreased quality of life amongst local populations, increased violence against women, and the destruction of the islands' ecology".

Ms Simatauw's paper describes how mining legislation is geared toward serving the interests of investors and the government and how community rights over land and resources are swept aside in the rush to extract minerals. As examples of mining companies linked to human rights abuses, she lists PT Freeport Indonesia, operators of the massive gold and copper mine in West Papua which is part-owned by Britain's Rio Tinto; PT Indo Muro Kencana, operators of the recently closed Central Kalimantan gold mine, run (until last year) by Australia's Aurora Gold; and PT Kelian Equatorial Mining, the Rio Tinto-owned company which mines gold on indigenous land in East Kalimantan.

Women in Indonesia have been affected by mining in different ways:

• Traditional gold mining activities are halted when big companies move in: Dayak men and women in South and East Kalimantan mined gold using traditional methods before the arrival of PT Indo Muro Kencana and PT KEM - they were able to earn enough to support themselves and to send their children to school;

• Other resources are no longer available: Newmont Nusa Tenggara's mining activities on Sumbawa have prevented the production of palm sugar, an economic activity normally undertaken by women - leading to a loss of income of approximately Rp 20,000 per day. Coal mining in South Kalimantan has prevented women earning income from rubber plantations. Women living near Newmont's gold mine in North Sulawesi, have seen a decline in young milkfish, a major source of their income, in Buayat Bay - where Newmont dumps mine tailings on the sea bed.

The impact of PT IMK's mine on one Dayak Siang Bakumpai woman's life is described as follows:

"Mrs Satar had a field as large as 10 to 15 hectares on the community's traditional land. Upon this land, she could harvest enough produce for one year, in fact sometimes more. With the introduction of the mining into her community, she lost all but one hectare of her land to the mining company. Consequently, she had to buy approximately 3 sacks of rice per month at a cost of Rp39,000 per sack (price at January 1998). In addition, the mining company's operations polluted the river, which could no longer be used to meet household needs, and no longer produced fish. Previously, Satar had cooked fresh fish each day for her family. Now, as a result of the pollution, she has to buy salted fish. If there is enough money, she purchases 2 kilos of salted fish a month at Rp15,000 per kilo. To obtain bathing and drinking water, Satar must walk a long way to a water source that is not affected by the company's tailings. Satar's livelihood is further threatened by the loss of her two water buffalos, found dead at the edge of the contaminated river."

The report also outlines how women in mine-affected communities may suffer doubly at the hands of a mining company. Not only are they evicted from their lands, and their resources which provide the basis of their livelihood degraded or destroyed, but any compensation the company offers is usually paid to men only, causing further marginalisation of women. This is what happened to Amungme women living near the Freeport/Rio Tinto mine in West Papua, according to the report. The fact that only men received the compensation payments has resulted in increases in alcohol consumption, bars and sex workers, violence against women and domestic violence.

At Rio Tinto's Kelian mine in East Kalimantan women suffered sexual abuse at the hands of mine employees. Women jobseekers at the mine were "often forced to fulfil the sexual needs of higher ranked employees"* But these abuses often remain hidden. Male-dominated labour organisations and mine workers do not raise cases of human rights violations against women, but tend to focus on pay and conditions.

* Details of sexual harassment and incidences of rape of local women by PT KEM employees are included in a report by Indonesia's National Commission for Human Rights, completed in 2001, but as yet unpublished. The crimes undermine the company's claims to be committed to human rights principles - see also item on Rio Tinto below.

(Source: The Polarisation of the People and the State in the Interests of the Political Economy and Women's Struggle to Defend their Existence; a critique of mining policy in Indonesia. Meentje Simatauw, translated by Laurinda Bailey, June 2002)

Inco

Anthropologist Kathryn Robinson's paper focuses on women living near the nickel mine and smelting complex in Soroako, South Sulawesi, operated by an Indonesian subsidiary of the Canadian company, Inco. Here fundamental social as well as environmental changes have been wrought by the mine, with young men from the Soroako area almost universally working for the company or its contractors. "The distribution of power between men and women and definitions of masculinity and femininity has been transformed both by the new labour arrangements associated with the mine's domination of the local economy, and the traditional ideas of gender roles imposed by the Suharto regime."

Robinson describes an incident which shocked the villagers. A woman, first thought to be dead, was diagnosed at the company hospital as undernourished and suffering from TB. The sick villager was a landless widow with two children, who, before mine development, had assisted other people in their fields in exchange for a proportion of rice harvested.

"The changed economy, with no more wet rice fields [the wet-rice lands were forcibly taken by the company for mining] made it difficult for her to make a living in this way. Instead she had only casual work…Her teenage son provided the bulk of the family income through the arduous task of collecting rattan in the jungle. After contracting TB, she was unable to perform even simple jobs, and her situation worsened. Her story illustrated the impact of the monetisation of the economy."

(Labour, Love and Loss: Mining and the displacement of women's labour, Kathyrn Robinson, Senior Research Fellow, Australian National University.)

Mining and HIV in West Papua

The Freeport/Rio Tinto mine in West Papua has brought many well-documented impacts to the local community and environment. One aspect that is less commonly publicised is the impact on health - particularly through HIV/AIDS. In her paper, Dr Nurlina Silitonga, an Indonesian general practitioner, outlines this problem and its specific impact on women in the mining town of Timika, which has the second highest AIDS rate in West Papua. West Papua itself has the highest rate in Indonesia. Local women are especially vulnerable as they have low levels of literacy and knowledge about the AIDS virus and there are increasingly high levels of alcohol-related violence, infidelity, rape and prostitution in the town.

(Mining, HIV/AIDS and Women Timika, Papua Province, Indonesia, Nurlina Silitonga with A. Ruddick, Wignall FS)

Tunnel Vision can be accessed online at www.caa.org.au/campaigns/mining.